MCL GENERAL STUDIES

Histories

Bady, Paul. La littérature chinoise moderne. Paris: Press Universitaire de France (PUF), 1993.

Birch, Cyril. "Literature under Communism." In Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol 15: The People's Republic of China, pt. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991, 270-328.

Chen Sihe. Zhongguo dangdai wenxue shi jiaocheng (Lecturers on contemporary Chinese literature). Shanghai: Fudan daxue, 1999.

Chen, Yu-chin. "Writers and 50 Years of Chinese Communism." The Chinese Pen (Autumn 1972): 21-41.

Dolezalova, Anna. "Periodization of Modern Chinese Literature." Asian and African Studies (Bratislava) 14 (1978): 27-32.

-----. "Suggestions Regarding Periodization of Liteature in the People's Republic of China." Asian and African Studies (Bratislava) 16 (1980): 153-59.

The Giants Within: A Portrait of Chinese Writers. 13 part video tapes. Taibei: Spring International, 1998.

Giafferri-Huang, Xiaomin. Le roman chinois depuis 1949. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991.

Guo Tingli. Zhongguo jindai wenxue fazhan shi (History of the development of modern Chinese literature). 3 vols. Ji'nan: Shandong jiaoyu, 1990. [vol. 1, 1840-1873; vol 2, 1873-1905; vol. 3, 1905-1919]

Herdan, Innes. The Pen and the Sword: Literature and Revolution in Modern China. London: Red Books, 1992.

Hong, Zicheng. A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature. Tr. Michael Day. Brill, 2007. [Brill blurb]

Hsia, C. T. A History of Modern Chinese Fiction. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.

Lai, Ming. A History of Chinese Literature. W/preface by Lin Yutang. NY: Capricorn Books, 1964. [pp. 346-400 deal with modern literature]

Lee, Leo Ou-fan. "Literary Trends I: The Quest for Modernity, 1895-1927." In The Cambridge History of China. Fairbank and Feuerwerker, eds. Cambridge UP, 1989, 12: 452-504

-----. "Literary Trends II: The Road to Revolution, 1927-1949." In Same as above. 13: 421-491.

Louie, Kam and Bonnie McDougall. The Literature of China in the Twentieth Century. NY: Columbia UP, 1997.

McDougall, Bonnie S. "Chinese Literature, 1900 to the Present." The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company, 2007.

Monsterleet, Jean. Sommets de la litterature chinoise contemporaine. Paris: Editions Domat, 1953. [includes a general overview of the literary renaissance from 1917-1950, as well as sections on Novel (with chapters on Ba Jin, Mao Dun, Lao She and Shen Congwen), Stories and Essays (with chapters on Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Bing Xin, and Su Xuelin), Theater (Cao Yu, Guo Moruo), and Poetry (Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Bian Zhilin, Feng Zhi, and Ai Qing).

Nienhauser, William and Howard Goldblatt. "Modern Chinese Literature." Britannica.com.

Scott, A.C. Literature and the Arts in Twentieth Century China. NY: Doubleday, 1963.

Spence, Jonathan. 1981. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895-1980. New York: The Viking Press.

Su, Hsueh-lin. "Present Day Fiction and Drama in China." In Joseph Schyns, ed., 1500 Modern Chinese Novels and Plays. Beiping (Peiping): 1948.

Tang, Tao. History of Modern Chinese Literature. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1993.

Ting, Yi. A Short History of Modern Chinese Literature. Peking: FLP, 1959.

Yang Yi. Zhongguo xiandai xiaoshuo shi (History of modern Chinese fiction). 3 vols. Beijing: Renmin wenxue, 1986-98.

Zhang, Yinde. Le roman chinois moderne 1918-1949. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992.

Anonymous. “The New Novel Before the New Novel: John Fryer’s Fiction Contest.” In Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia Liu, with Ellen Widmer, eds., Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 317-40.

Chan, Leo Tak-hung. "Liberal Versions: Late Qing Approaches to Translating Aesop's Fables." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 57-78.

Chang, Hao. Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis: Search for Order and Meaning, 1890-1911. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Chen, Jianhua. "The Late Qing Poetry Revolution: Liang Qichao, Huang Zunxian, and Chinese Literary Modernity." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 333-40.

-----. "Zhou Shoujuan's Love Stories and Mandarin Ducks and Butterfly Fiction." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 354-63.

Cheng, Stephen. Flowers of Shanghai and the Late Qing Courtesan Novel. Ph. D. diss. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1979.

Chow, Kai-wing. "Imagining Boundaries of Blood: Zhang Binglin and the Invention of the Han 'Race' in Modern China." In Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Hurst, 1997, 34-52.

Denton, Kirk A. "Introduction." In Denton, Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893-1945. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996, 1-61.

Des Forges, Alexander. Street Talk and Alley Stories: Tangled Narratives of Shanghai from Lives of Shanghai Flowers (1892) to Midnight (1933). Ph.D. diss. Princeton: Princeton University, 1998.

-----. "From Source Texts to 'Reality Observed': The Creation of the 'Author' in Nineteenth-Century Vernacular Fiction." Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles and Reviews 22 (2000): 67-84.

-----. "The Uses of Fiction: Liang Qichao and His Contemporaries." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 341-47.

-----. "Building Shanghai, One Page at a Time: The Aesthetics of Installment Fiction at the Turn of the Century." The Journal of Asian Studies 62, 3 (Aug. 2003): 781-810.

Dolezelova-Velingerova, Milena. "The Origins of Modern Chinese Literature." In Merle Goldman, ed., Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977, 17-36.

-----, ed. The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.

-----. "Literary Historiography in Early Twentieth-Century China (1904-1928): Construction of Cultural Memory." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 123-66.

-----. "Fiction from the End of the Empire to the Beginning of the Republic (1897-1916)." In Victor H. Mair, ed. The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. NY: Columbia UP, 2001, 697-731.

Drunken Whiskers. That Chinese Woman: The Life of Sai-Chin-Hua. Tr. Henry McAleavy. London: Allen and Unwin, 1959; New York: Crowell 1959.

Feng, Jin. The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Lafayette, IN: Purdue UP, 2004. ["Introduction to The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction." Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal 6, 4 (Dec. 2004).]

-----. "The Great (Surrogate) Mother of the West: The Genealogy of Masculinity in Yung Wing's My Life in China and America." Tamkang Review XXXV, 1 (Autumn 2004): 57-78.

Fong, Grace S., Nanxiu Qian, and Harriet Zurndorfer, eds., "Beyond Tradition and Modernity: Gender, Genre, and Cosmopolitanism in Late Qing China." Speciall issue of Nan Nu: Men, Women, and Gender in China 6, 1 (2004).

Gimpel, Denise. "A Neglected Medium: The Literary Journal and the Case of The Short Story Magazine (Xiaoshuo yuebao), 1910-1914." Modern Chinese Literatur and Culture 11, 2 (Fall 1999): 53-106.

-----. Lost Voices of Modernity: A Chinese Popular Fiction Magazine in Context. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

Hamm, John Christopher. "Reading the Swordsman's Tale: Shisanmei and Ernu yingxiong zhuan." T'oung Pao 84 (1998): 328-55.

Hanan, Patrick. "The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies LX, 2 (2000): 413-44.

-----. "A Study in Acculturation--The First Novels Translated into Chinese." Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles and Reviews 23 (2002): 55-80.

-----. Chinese Fiction of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. NY: Columbia UP, 2004.

[Abstract from: CUP website: It has often been said that the nineteenth century was a relatively stagnant period for Chinese fiction, but preeminent scholar Patrick Hanan shows that the opposite is true: the finest novels of the nineteenth century show a constant experimentation and evolution. In this collection of detailed and insightful essays, Hanan examines Chinese fiction before and during the period in which Chinese writers first came into contact with western fiction. Hanan explores the uses made of fiction by westerners in China; the adaptation and integration of western methods in Chinese fiction; and the continued vitality of the Chinese fictional tradition. Some western missionaries, for example, wrote religious novels in Chinese, almost always with the aid of native assistants who tended to change aspects of the work to "fit" Chinese taste. Later, such works as Washington Irving’s "Rip Van Winkle," Jonathan Swift’s "A Voyage to Lilliput," the novels of Jules Verne, and French detective stories were translated into Chinese. These interventions and their effects are explored here for virtually the first time. Contents: (1) The Narrator’s Voice Before the "Fiction Revolution"; (2) Illusion of Romance and the Courtesan Novel; (3) The Missionary Novels of the Nineteenth Century; (4) The First Novel Translated Into Chinese; (5) The Translated Fiction in the Early Shen Bao; (6) The New Novel Before the New Novel—John Fryer’s Fiction Contest; (7) The Second Stage of Vernacular Translation; (8) Wu Jianren and the Narrator; (9) Specific Literary Relations of Sea of Regret; (10) The Autobiographical Romance of Chen Diexian; (11) The Technique of Lu Xun’s Fiction]

Harrell, Paula. Sowing the Seeds of Change: Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, 1895-1905. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1992.

Hsia, C.T. "Yen Fu and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao as Advocates of New Fiction." In A. Rickett, ed., Chinese Approaches to Literature from Confucius to Liang Ch'i-ch'ao. Princeton: PUP, 1978, 221-57.

Hu, Ying. "Reconfiguring Nei/Wai: Writing the Woman Traverler in the Late Qing." Late Imperial China 18, 1 (1997): 72-99.

-----. Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1898-1918. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2000.

-----. "Naming the First New Woman: The Case of Kang Aide." NAN NÜ: Men, Women and Gender in Early and Imperial China 3, 2 (2001).

-----. "Naming the First ‘New Woman.’" In Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Zarrow, eds., Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in late Qing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.

-----. "Late Qing Fiction." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 348-54.

Hung, Eva. "Giving Texts a Context: Chinese Translations of Classical English Detective Stories, 1896-1916." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 25-36.

Huntington, Rania. “The Weird in the Newspaper.” In Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia Liu, with Ellen Widmer, eds., Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 341-97. [deals mostly with the Dianshizhai huabao]

Huters, Theodore. "From Writing to Literature: The Development of Late Qing Theories of Prose." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47, 1 (1987): 50-96.

-----. "A New Way of Writing: The Possibility for Literature in Late Qing China, 1895-1908." Modern China 14, 3 (1988): 243-76.

-----. "Between Praxis and Essence: The Search for Cultural Expression in the Chinese Revolution." In Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner eds., Marxism and the Chinese Experience. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989, 316-37.

-----. Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2005. [MCLC Resource Center review by Bonnie S. McDougall]

Jin, Yuan. "The Influence of Translated Fiction on Chinese Romantic Ficiton." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 283-302.

Judge, Joan. “Reforming the Feminine: Female Literacy and the Legacy of 1898.” In Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Zarrow, eds., Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in late Qing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.

-----. "Key Words in the Late Qing Reform Discourse: Classical and Contemporary Sources of Authority." Indiana East Asian Working Paper Series on Language and Politics in Modern China.

Karl, Rebecca E.. "'Slavery,' Citizenship, and Gender in Late Qing China's Global Contexts." In Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Zarrow, eds., Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in late Qing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002, 212-44.

Karl, Rebecca E. and Peter Zarrow, eds. Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in late Qing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.

Keulemans, Paize. "Recreating the Storyteller Image: Publishing Martial Arts Fiction to Renew the Public in the Late Qing." Twentieth-Century China 29, 2 (April 2004): 7-38.

Knight, Sabina. "Predicaments of Modernity in Late-Qing Novels, 1895-1911." In The Heart of Time: Moral Agency in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 51-72.

Kockum, Keiko. Japanese Acheivement, Chinese Inspiration: A Study of the Japanese Influence on the Modernisation of the Late Qing Novel. Stockholm: Orientaliska Studier, 1990.

Kowallis, Jon. "Melancholy in Late Qing and Early Republican Verse." In Wolfgang Kubin, ed., Symbols of Anguish: In Search of Melancholy in China. Bern: Peter Lang, 2001, 289-314.

-----. The Subtle Revolution: Poets of the "Old Schoos" during Late Qing and Early Republican China. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 2006.

Kwong, S.K. A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics and Ideas of 1898. Cambridge, MA: Counicil on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1984.

Lackner, Michaeil, Iwo Amelung, and Joachim Kurtz, eds. New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical China in Late Imperial China. Boston, Koln: Leiden, 2001.

Lee, Haiyan. "All the Feelings That Are Fit to Print: The Community of Sentiment and the Literary Public Sphere in China, 1900-1918." Modern China 27, no. 3 (July 2001): 291-327.

-----. Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Lee, Mabel. "Chinese Women and Social Change: A Theme in Late Ch'ing Fiction and Its Subsequent Development." In Gungwu Wang, ed., Society and the Writer: Essays on Literature in Modern Asia. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 1981, 123-38.

Li, Danke. "Popular Culture in the Making of Anti-Imperialist and Nationalist Sentiments in Sichuan." Modern China 30, 4 (Oct. 2004): 470-505.

Abstract: Existing Western scholarship on the rights recovery movement in Sichuan mainly focuses on the role played by elites. This article argues that popular culture, in the form of folk stories, songs, and children's primers, also contributed to that movement by shaping and expressing popular anti-imperialist attitudes. Its analysis of primers available in late Qing Sichuan and popular stories about the activities of foreigners prevalent in the early 1900s serves to reveal a rich local cultural milieu of time-nurtured anti-imperialist sentiment among common people, which broadly influenced local political action. The protests over the Jiangbei mining concession encompassed both elite and ordinary people, although each group understood the issue differently.

Li, Hsiao-t'i. Opera, Society, and Politics: Chinese Intellectuals and Popular Culture, 1901-1937. Ph. D. diss. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1996.

-----. "Making a Name and a Culture for the Masses in China." positions: east asia cultures critique 9, 1 (Spring 2001): 29-68.

Liu, Jen-Peng. "The Disposition of Hierarchy and the Late Qing Discourse of Gender Equality." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2, 1 (April 2001): 69-79.

Liu, Lydia, ed. Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.

-----. "The Translator's Turn: The Birth of Modern Chinese Language and Fiction." In Victor H. Mair, ed. The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. NY: Columbia UP, 2001, 1055-1066.

Liu, Wei-p'ing. "The Poetry Revolution of the Late Ch'ing Period: A Reevaluation." In A.R. Davis and A.D. Stefanowska, eds. Austrina Marricksville: Oriental Society of Australia, 1982, 188-99.

Martin, Helmut. "A Transitional Concept of Chinese Literature 1897-1917: Liang Qichao on Poetry Reform, Historical Drama and the Political Novel." Oriens Extremus 20, 2 (1973): 175-217.

Ming, Feng-ying. “Baoyu in Wonderland: Technological Utopia in the Early Modern Chinese Science Fiction Novel.” In Yingjin Zhang, ed., China in a Polycentric World: Essays in Chinese Comparative Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998, 152-72.

Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Reading of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998.

Qian, Nanxiu. "Revitalizing the Xianyuan (Worthy Ladies) Tradition: Women in the 1898 Reforms." Modern China 29, 4 (Oct. 2003): 399-454.

Rankin, Mary. Early Chinese Revolutionaries: Radical Intellectuals in Shanghai and Chekiang, 1902-1911. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1971.

Saari, Hon L. Legacies of Childhood: Growing Up Chinese in a Time of Crisis, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1990.

Starr, Chloë F. Red-light Novels of the Late Qing. Leiden: Brill, 2007.

[Abstract: Chinese literature has traditionally been divided by both theorists and university course providers into 'classical' and 'modern.' This has left nineteenth-century fiction in limbo, and allowed negative assessments of its quality to persist unchecked. The popularity of Qing dynasty red-light fiction – works whose primary focus is the relationship between clients and courtesans, set in tea-houses, pleasure gardens, and later, brothels – has endured throughout the twentieth century. This volume explores why, arguing that these novels are far from the 'low' work of 'frustrated scholars' but in their provocative play on the nature of relations between client, courtesan and text, provide an insight into wider changes in understandings of self and literary value in the nineteenth century.]

Song, Gang. "A Paradox In-Between: The Dianshizhai Pictorial and Late 19th Century Chinese Literature." The International Journal of the Humanities 2, 1 (n.d.):

Tang, Xiaobing. “’Poetic Revolution,’ Colonization, and Form at the Beginning of Modern Chinese Literature.” In Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Zarrow, eds., Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in late Qing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.

Teruo, Tarumoto. "A Statistical Survey of Translated Fiction, 1840-1920." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 37-42.

Tschanz, Dietrich. "The New Drama before the New Drama: Drama Journals and Drama Reform in Shanghai before the May Fourth Movement." Theatre InSight 10, 1 (1999): 49-59.

Tsu, Jing. Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of a Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. [Stanford UP blurb]

Tu, Wei-ming. "The Enlightenment Mentality and the Chinese Intellectual Dilemma." In K. Lieberthal et al., eds., Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, 103-18.

Wang, David Der-wei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1848-1911. Stanford: SUP, 1997.

-----. "Translating Modernity." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 303-329.

-----. "Return to Go: Fictional Innovation in the Late Qing and the Late Twentieth Century." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 257-97.

----. Nonconformism as Narrative Strategy: A Reappraisal of Late Ch'ing Fiction." Asian Culture Quarterly 7, 2 (1984): 55-72.

-----. "Storytelling Context in Chinese Fiction: A Preliminary Examination of It as a Mode of Narrative Discourse." Tamkang Review 6, 1 (1984/85): 133-50.

Wang, Xiaoming. "From Petitions to Fiction: Visions of the Future Propagated in Early Modern China." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 43-56.

Wong, Wang-chi. "An Act of Violence: Translation of Western Fiction in the late Qing and early Republican Period." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 21-39.

Wright, David. “Yan Fu and the Tasks of the Translator.” In Lackner et al. eds., New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical China in Late Imperial China. Boston, Koln: Leiden, 2001, 235-256.

Xiong, Yuezhi. "Degrees of Familiarity with the West in Late Qing Society." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 25-36.

Yeh, Catherine Vance. “The Life-Style of Four Wenren in Late Qing Shanghai.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 57, 1 (1997): 419-70. [deals with Wang Tao, Chen Jitong, Zeng Pu, and Jin Songcen]

-----. “Creating the Urban Beauty: The Shanghai Courtesan in Late Qing Illustrations.” In Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia Liu, with Ellen Widmer, eds., Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 397-447.

-----. Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals, and Entertainment Culture, 1850-1911. Seattle: University of Washington, 2006. [press blurb]

Yu, Chu Chi. "Lord Byron's 'The Isles of Greece: First Translations." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 79-104.

Zamperini, Paola. "Elective Affinities: Literary Soulmates and the Marketplace in late Qing Fiction." Late Imperial China 28, 1 (July 2007): 62-91.

Zou, John. “Travel and Translation: An Aspect of China’s Cultural Modernity, 1862-1926.” In Yingjin Zhang, ed., China in a Polycentric World: Essays in Chinese Comparative Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998, 133-51.

Biasco, Margherita. “The Crisis of the Family System and the Search for a New Identity of Chinese Youth.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 189-200.

Braester, Yomi. "Dreaming a Cure for History: The Resistance to Historical Consciousness Within the May Fourth Movement." In Braester, Witness Against History: Literature, Film, and Public Discourse in Twentieth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003, 31-55.

Chan, Adrian. "Towards a Marxist Theory and Sociology of Literature in China, to 1933." In Wang Gungwu, ed., Society and the Writer: Essays on Literature in Modern Asia. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian Nat. Univ., 1981, 155-171.

Chang, Shuei-May, ed. Casting Off the Shackles of Family : Ibsen's Nora Figure in Modern Chinese Literature, 1918-1942. Peter Lang, 2002.

Chen, Jianhua. "Zhou Shoujuan's Love Stories and Mandarin Ducks and Butterfly Fiction." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 354-63.

Chen, Joseph. The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai. Leiden: Brill, 1971.

Chen, Pingyuan. "Literature High and Low: 'Popular Fiction' in Twentieth-Century China." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 113-33.

Cheng, Ching-mao. "The Impact of Japanese Literary Trends." In Merle Goldman, ed., Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977, 63-88.

Chow, Tse-tsung. "Anti-Confucianism in Early Republican China." In Arthur Wright, ed., The Confucian Persuasion. Stanford: SUP, 1967.

-----. The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1960.

Chow, William C. L. "The Development of Individualism in Modern China." Hanxue yanjiu (Chinese Studies). 13, 2 (1995): 77-98.

Chung, Hilary. “Kristevan (Mis)understandings: Writing in the Feminine.” In Michel Hockx and Ivo Smits, eds., Reading East Asian Writing: The Limits of Literary Theory. New York and London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, 72-91. [analyzes fiction by Chen Hengzhe, Lu Yin, Ding Ling, and Feng Yuanjun]

Chung, Hilary and Tommy McClellan, "Images of Women: Exploring Apparent Changes of Attitude Towards Women in the May 4th Era Through Literary Imagery." In Viviane Alleton and Alexeï Volkov eds., Notions et Perceptions du Changement en Chine. Paris: College de France, 1994, 187-198.

Cini, Francesca. "Le 'problem des femmes' dans La nouvelle jeunesse, 1915-1922" (The women's problem in New Youth, 1915-1922). Etudes chinoies 5, 1/2 (Spring/Autumn 1986): 133-56.

Crespi, John. "Form and Reform: New Poetry and the Crescent Moon Society." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 364-70..

Daruvala, Susan. Zhou Zuoren and an Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000.

Davies, Gloria. "Towards Transcendental Knowledge: The Mapping of the May Fourth Modernity/Spirit." East Asian History 4 (1992): 143-64.

Denton, Kirk A. "Introduction." In Denton, Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893-1945. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996, 1-61.

Des Forges, Alexander. Street Talk and Alley Stories: Tangled Narratives of Shanghai from Lives of Shanghai Flowers (1892) to Midnight (1933). Ph.D. diss. Princeton: Princeton University, 1998.

Dirlik, Arif.  "Ideology and Organization in the May Fourth Movement:  Some Problems in the Intellectual Historiography of the May Fourth Period."  Republican China 12, 1 (Nov. 1986): 3-19.

Dolezelova-Velingerova, Milena. "Literary Historiography in Early Twentieth-Century China (1904-1928): Construction of Cultural Memory." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 123-66.

Dolezelova-Velingerova, Milena and Oldrich Kral, eds. The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.

Dooling, Amy D. Feminism and Narrative Strategies in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Women’s Writing. Ph.D. Diss. NY: Columbia University, 1998.

-----. "Reconsidering the Origins of Modern Chinese Women's Writing." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 371-77.

-----. Women's Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China. NY: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. [contains the following chapters: (1) National imaginaries : feminist fantasies at the turn of the century; (2) The new woman's women; (3) Love and/or revolution? : fictions of the feminine self in the 1930s cultural left; (4) Outwitting patriarchy : comic narrative strategies in the works of Yang Jiang, Su Qing, and Zhang Ailing; (5) A world still to win]

Duara, Prasenjit. Rescuing History from the Nation:Questions and Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. [see also "Symposium on Prasenjit Duara's Rescuing History from the Nation." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29, 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1997)].

Eastman, Lloyd E. "The May Fourth Movement as a Historical Turning Point: Ecological Exhaustion, Militarization, and Other Causes of China's Modern Crisis." In K. Lieberthal et al., eds., Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, 123-38.

Eber, Irene. "Images of Oppressed Peoples and Modern Chinese Literature." In Merle Goldman, ed., Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977, 17-36.

Eide, Elizabeth. “The Balad of Kongque dongnan fei as Freudian Feminist Drama during the May Fourth Period.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 129-38.

Elvin, Mark. Self-Liberation and Self-Immolation in Modern Chinese Thought. Canberra: Australian National University, 1978.

Feng, Jin. The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Lafayette, IN: Purdue UP, 2004. ["Introduction to The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction." Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal 6, 4 (Dec. 2004).]

Feng, Liping. "Democracy and Elitism: The May Fourth Ideal of Literature." Critical Inquiry 20, 2 (Winter 1994): 328-56.

Fincher, John H. "The Writ of Literature: The Chinese Disciples of Western New Humanism, ca.1919-1933." In Wang Gungwu ed., Society and the Writer: Essays on Literature in Modern Asia. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian Nat. Univ., 1981, 139-153.

Findeisen, Raoul David. "From Literature to Love: Glory and Decline of the Love-Letter Genre." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 79-112.

Fitzgerald, John. Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford: SUP, 1996.

Fogel, Joshua A. “Japanese Literary Travelers in Prewar China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49, 2 (1989): 575-602.

Fruehauf, Heinrich. Urban Exoticism in Modern Chinese Literature, 1910-1933. Ph.D. diss. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990.

Furth, Charlotte. "May Fourth in History." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 59-68.

Galik, Marian. “May Fourth Literature Reconsidered: Musing Over Mythopeia as Creation.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 269-83.

Ge, Baoquan. “The Influence of Russian Classical Literature on Modern Chinese Literature Before and After the May Fourth Movement.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 213-22.

Ge, Hongbin. "Wusi wenhua de neizai maodun" (Inherent contradictions of May Fourth culture). Confucius2000. [in Chinese]

Gimpel, Denise. "Beyond Butterflies: Some Observations on the Early Years of the Journal Xiaoshuo yuebao." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 40-60.

-----. Lost Voices of Modernity: A Chinese Popular Fiction Magazine in Context. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

Goldman, Merle, ed. Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Boston: Harvard University Press. 1977.

-----. "Left-wing Criticism of the Pai Hua Movement." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 85-94.

Glosser, Susan L. "'The Truths I Have Learned': Nationalism, Family Reform, and Male Identity in China's New Culture Movement, 1915-1923 ." In Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, eds. Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, 120-44.

Grieder, Jerome. "The Question of Politics in the May Fourth Era." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 95-102.

Hanan, Patrick. Chinese Fiction of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. NY: Columbia UP, 2004.

[Abstract from: CUP website: It has often been said that the nineteenth century was a relatively stagnant period for Chinese fiction, but preeminent scholar Patrick Hanan shows that the opposite is true: the finest novels of the nineteenth century show a constant experimentation and evolution. In this collection of detailed and insightful essays, Hanan examines Chinese fiction before and during the period in which Chinese writers first came into contact with western fiction. Hanan explores the uses made of fiction by westerners in China; the adaptation and integration of western methods in Chinese fiction; and the continued vitality of the Chinese fictional tradition. Some western missionaries, for example, wrote religious novels in Chinese, almost always with the aid of native assistants who tended to change aspects of the work to "fit" Chinese taste. Later, such works as Washington Irving’s "Rip Van Winkle," Jonathan Swift’s "A Voyage to Lilliput," the novels of Jules Verne, and French detective stories were translated into Chinese. These interventions and their effects are explored here for virtually the first time. Contents: (1) The Narrator’s Voice Before the "Fiction Revolution"; (2) Illusion of Romance and the Courtesan Novel; (3) The Missionary Novels of the Nineteenth Century; (4) The First Novel Translated Into Chinese; (5) The Translated Fiction in the Early Shen Bao; (6) The New Novel Before the New Novel—John Fryer’s Fiction Contest; (7) The Second Stage of Vernacular Translation; (8) Wu Jianren and the Narrator; (9) Specific Literary Relations of Sea of Regret; (10) The Autobiographical Romance of Chen Diexian; (11) The Technique of Lu Xun’s Fiction]

Harbsmeier, Christopher. “May Fourth Linguistic Orthodoxy and Rhetoric: Some Informal Comparative Notes.” In Lackner et al. eds., New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical China in Late Imperial China. Boston, Koln: Leiden, 2001, 373-410.

Hay, Stephen N. Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in Japan, China and India. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1970.

Hockx, Michel. "Mad Women and Mad Men: Intraliterary Contact in Early Republican Literature." In Findeison and Gassmann, eds., Autumn Floods: Essays in Honour of Marian Galik. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997.

-----. Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911-1937. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003. [MCLC Resource Center review by Edward M. Gunn]

-----. “Theory as Practice: Modern Chinese Literature and Bourdieu.” In Michel Hockx and Ivo Smits, eds., Reading East Asian Writing: The Limits of Literary Theory. New York and London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, 220-39.

-----. "Playing the Field: Aspects of Chinese Literary Life in the 1920s." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 61-78.

-----. "Is There a May Fourth Literature? A Reply to Wang Xiaoming." MCLC 11, 2 (Fall 1999): 40-52.

Hon, Tze-Ki. "Cultural Identity and Local Self-Government: A Study of Liu Yizheng's History of Chinese Culture." Modern China 30, 4 (Oct. 2004): 506-542.

Abstract: Until recently, the study of Chinese historical writings of the 1920s and 1930s has centered on the May Fourth approach to history, especially the Doubting Antiquity Movement (yigu yundong) led by Gu Jiegang. By privileging their historical writings as modern or progressive and labeling their opponents' as traditional or regressive, we fail to see the full scope of the modern Chinese historical debate and overlook its social and political underpinnings. In this article, based on a close reading of History of Chinese Culture (Zhongguo wenhua shi) of Liu Yizheng (1880-1956), the author seeks to contextualize the historical debate in terms of the political and social change in post-1911 China. Written in the early 1920s when intellectuals still could express different views of the nation without the fear of state censorship, Liu's History of Chinese Culture gave renewed emphasis to local self-government, thereby challenging the expansion of the state.

Hu, Ying. Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1898-1918. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2000.

-----. "Naming the First New Woman." NAN NÜ: Men, Women and Gender in Early and Imperial China 3, 2 2001).

Huang, Sung-k’ang. “The May Fourth Legacy and the Process of Chinese Democracy (1915-1989).” Revue des Pays de l’Est 1/2 (1992).

Hummel, Arthur W. "The New Cultue Movement in China." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 152 (Nov., 1930): 55-62

Hung, Chang-tai. Going to the People: Chinese Intellectuals and Folk Literature, 1918-1937. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1985.

Hunt, Michael H. "The May Fourth Era: China's Place in the World." In K. Lieberthal et al., eds., Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, 178-200.

Huters, Theodore. "Critcal Ground: The Transformation of the May Fourth Era." In Bonnie McDougall, ed., Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the People's Republic of China. Berkeley: UCP, 1984, 54-80.

-----. "The Paradox of Chinese Iconoclasm," in Nancy Kobrin, ed., The Paradigm Exchange II, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts, 1987, 13- 18.

-----. "Between Praxis and Essence: The Search for Cultural Expression in the Chinese Revolution." In Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner eds., Marxism and the Chinese Experience. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989, 316-37.

-----. Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2005. [MCLC Resource Center review by Bonnie S. McDougall]

Ip, Hung-Yok, Tze-ki Hon, and Chiu-Chun Lee. "The Plurality of Chinese Modernity: A Review of Recent Scholarship on the May Fourth Movement." Modern China 29, 4 (Oct. 2003): 490-509.

Jensen, Lionel. "Particular is Universal: Hu Shi, Ru, and the Chinese Transcendence of Nationalism." In Manufacturing Confucianism: Chinese Traditions and Universal Civilization. Durham: Duke UP, 1998, 217-64.

Jin, Yuan. "The Influence of Translated Fiction on Chinese Romantic Ficiton." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 283-302.

Judge, Joan. "Blended Wish Images: Chinese and Western Exemplary Women at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Nan Nu: Men, Women, and Gender in China 6, 1 (2004).

Keaveney, Christopher T. The Subversive Self in Modern Chinese Literature: The Creation Society's Reinvention of the Japanese Shishosetsu. NY: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2004.

Kenley, David L. New Culture in a New World: The May Fourth Movement and the Chinese Diaspora in Singapore, 1919-1932. London: Routledge, 2003.

Kiyama, Hideo. "The 'Literary Renaissance' and the 'Literary Revolution.'" Acta Asiatica 72 (1997): 27-60.

Knight, D. Sabina. "Agency Beyond Subjectivity: The Unredeemed Project of May Fourth Fiction." Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 1, 2 (Jan. 1998): 1-36.

-----. "The Prison of Self-Consciousness in May Fourth Fiction." In The Heart of Time: Moral Agency in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 73-103.

Kowallis, Jon. "Melancholy in Late Qing and Early Republican Verse." In Wolfgang Kubin, ed., Symbols of Anguish: In Search of Melancholy in China. Bern: Peter Lang, 2001, 289-314.

Kung, Robert Lion. "Metaphysics adn East-West Philosophy: Applying the Chinese T'i-yung Paradigm." Philosophy East and West 29, 1 (Jan. 1979): 551-71.

Kwok, D.W.Y. Scientism in Chinese Thought, 1900-1950. New Haven: Yale UP, 1965.

Larson, Wendy. "Women and Revolution in May Fourth Culture." In Findeison and Gassmann, eds., Autumn Floods: Essays in Honour of Marian Galik. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997.

Lao, Chao-Chih. "Humor versus Huaji." The Journal of Language and Linguistics 2, 1 (2003): 25-46.

Lee, Haiyan. "All the Feelings That Are Fit to Print: The Community of Sentiment and the Literary Public Sphere in China, 1900-1918." Modern China 27, 3 (July 2001): 291-327.

-----. "Sympathy, Hypocrisy, and the Trauma of Chineseness." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 16, 2 (Fall 2004): 76-122.

-----. "Tears That Crumbled the Great Wall: The Archaeology of Feeling in the May Fourth Folklore Movement." The Journal of Asian Studies 64, 1 (Feb. 2005): 35-65. [Deals chiefly with Gu Jiegang's study of the Meng Jiang Nu legend and briefly with Guo Moruo's translation of ancient poetry] [download from AAS website]

-----. "Governmentality and the Aesthetic State: A Chinese Fantasia." positions: eastasia cultures critique 14, no.1 (2006): 99-130 (deals with Zhang Jingsheng's Mei de rensheng guan [The Philosophy of a Beautiful Life], Meide shehui zuzhi fa [How to Organize a Beautiful Society], and, to a lesser extent, Xingshi [Sex histories]).

-----. Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Lee, Leo Ou-fan. The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973.

-----. "The Romantic Temper in May Fourth Writers." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 69-84.

-----. "Modernity and Its Discontents: The Cultural Agenda of the May Fourth Movement." In Kenneth Lieberthal et al., eds., Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, 158-177.

-----. "The Cultural Construction of Modernity in Urban Shanghai: Some Preliminary Investigations." In Wen-hsin Yeh, ed., Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 31-61.

-----. "Incomplete Modernity: Rethinking the May Fourth Intellectual Project." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 31-65.

-----. "May Fourth: Some Fin de Siecle Reflections." Harvard Asia Quarterly (Summer 1999).

Lee, Mabel. "May Fourth: Symbol of the Spirit of Bring-It-Here-ism for Chinese Intellectuals." Papers on Far Eastern History 41 (March 1990): 77-96.

Li, Hsiao-t'i. Opera, Society, and Politics: Chinese Intellectuals and Popular Culture, 1901-1937. Ph. D. diss. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1996.

Lin, Yu-sheng. "Radical Iconoclasm in the May Fourth Period and the Future of Liberalism." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 23-58.

-----. The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Anti-traditionalism in the May Fourth Era. Madison: U. of Wisconsin Press, 1979.

Liu, Jianhui. "The Role of Japan in the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture." Nichibunken Newsletter 56 (Nov. 2004).

Liu, Lydia. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture and Translated Modernity, 1900-1937. Stanford: SUP, 1995.

-----. "A Folksong Immortal and Official Popular Culture in Twentieth-Century China." In Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia Liu, with Ellen Widmer, eds., Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 553-609. [deals in part with May Fourth folklore movement]

Liu, Lydia, ed. Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.

Liu, Tao Tao. “Perceptions of City and Country in Modern Chinese Fiction in the Early Republican Era.” In Liu and David Faure, eds., Town and Country in China: Identity and Perception. London: Palgrave, 2002, 203-32.

Ma, Yuxin. "Women Journalists in the Chinese Enlightenment, 1915-1923." Gender Issues 22, 1 (Dec. 2005): 56-84.

-----. "Male Feminism and Women's Subjectivities: Zhang Xichen, Chen Xuezhao, and the New Woman." Twentieth-Century China 29, no.1 (Nov 2003) 1-37.

Manfredi, Paul. "Great Expectations: Self, Form, and the First Modern Chinese Poem." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 13, 2 (Fall 2001): 1-29.

Mao, Chen. Between Tradition and Change: The Hermeneutics of May Fourth Literature. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.

Masini, Federico. The Formation of Modern Chinese Lexicon and Its Evolution Toward a National Language: The Period from 1840-1898. The Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series no. 6. Berkeley, 1993.

McDougall, Bonnie. "The Impact of Western Literary Trends." In Merle Goldman, ed., Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977, 37-62.

-----. "Disappearing Women and Disappearing Men in May Fourth Narrative: A Post-Feminist Survey of Short Stories by Mao Dun, Bing Xin, Ling Shuhua and Shen Congwen." In McDougall, Fictional Authors, Imaginary Audiences: Modern Chinese Literature in the Twentieth Century. HK: Chinese University Press, 2003, 133-70.

Mei Sheng, ed. Zhongguo funu wenti taolun ji (Collection of discussion on the Chinese women's question). 6 vols. Shanghai: Xin wenhua, 1934 (originally published in 1923).

Meisner, Maurice. "Cultural Iconoclasm, Nationalism, and Internationalism in the May Fourth Movement." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1973, 14-22.

Ng, Janet. The Experience of Modernity: Chinese Autobiography of the Early Twentieth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003. [with treatment of autobiographies by Chen Hengzhe, Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Xie Bingying, Eileen Chang, Yu Dafu, and Shen Congwen]

Ni, Ruiqin. “Tolstoy and the May Fourth Literature.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 223-33.

Odgen, Suzanne P. "The Sage in the Inkpot: Bertrand Russell and Chna's Social Reconstruction in the 1920s." Modern Asian Studies 16, 4 (1982): 529-600.

Owen, Stephen. "The End of the Past: Rewriting Chinese Literary History in the Early Republic." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 167-92.

Pusey, James Reeve. China and Charles Darwin. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1983.

Rawski, Evelyn S. "The Social Agenda of May Fourth." In K. Lieberthal et al., eds., Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, 139-57.

Russell, Betrand. The Problem of China. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966 (originally published 1922).

Saari, Hon L. Legacies of Childhood: Growing Up Chinese in a Time of Crisis, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1990.

Sakamoto, Hiroko. "The Cult of 'Love and Eugenics' in May Fourth Movement Discourse." positions: east asia cultures critique 12, 2 (Fall 2004): 329-376.

Schaeffer, Ingo. “Remarks on the Question of Individuality and Subjectivity in the Literature of the May Fourth Period.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 21-43.

Schwarcz, Vera. "Ibsen's Nora: The Promise and the Trap." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars (Jan-Mar. 1975).

-----. "Remapping May Fourth:  Between Nationalism and Enlightenment." Republican China 12, 1 (Nov. 1986): 20-35. 

-----. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919. Berkeley: UCP, 1986.

Schwartz, Benjamin, ed. Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1973. [essays by C. Furth, M. Goldman, Grieder, L. Lee, Yu-sheng Lin, and Meisner]

Shen, Samson C. "Tagore and China." In the Footsteps of Xuanzang: Tan Yun-shan and India. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1999.

Sun, Lung-kee. "The Presence of the Fin-de-siecle in the May Fourth Era." In Gail Hershatter, et.al., eds., Remapping China: Fissures in Historical Terrain. Stanford: SUP, 1996, 194-209.

Takeuchi, Yoshimi. What Is Modernity? Writings of Takeuchi Yoshimi. Tr. Richard Calichman. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. [among others, has essays on Lu Xun and Hu Shi]

Tam, Kwok-kan. “Iconoclasm as Ibsenism: Ibsen in the May Fourth Era.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 119-28.

-----. "Ibsenism and Ideological Constructions of the 'New Woman' in Modern Chinese Fiction." In Peng-hisang Chen and Whitney Crothers Dilley, eds., Feminism/Femininity in Chinese Literature. Amsterdam,: Rodopi, 2002, 179-86.

Tan, Chung. "Tagore's Inspiration in China's New Poetry." In Tan Chung, ed., Across the Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for Understanding China. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1998.

Teow, See Heng. Japanese Cultural Policy toward China, 1918-1931: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1999.

Teruo, Tarumoto. "A Statistical Survey of Translated Fiction, 1840-1920." In David Pollard, ed., Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China. Amsterdan, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1998, 37-42.

Tschanz, Dietrich. "The New Drama before the New Drama: Drama Journals and Drama Reform in Shanghai before the May Fourth Movement." Theatre InSight 10, 1 (1999): 49-59.

Tsu, Jing. Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of a Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. [Stanford UP blurb]

Tu, Wei-ming. "Iconoclasm, Holistic Vision, and Patient Watchfulness: a Personal Reflection on the Modern Chinese Intellectual Quest." Daedalus 116, 2 (1987): 75-94.

Vogel, Ezra. "The Unlikely Heroes: The Social Role of the May Fourth Writers." In Merle Goldman, ed., Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977, 145-60.

Wagner, Rudolf. "The Canonization of May Fourth." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 66-121.

Wang, C.T. The Youth Movement in China. New York: New Republic, 1927.

Wang, Edward Q. Inventing China Through History: The May Fourth Approach to Historiography. Albany: SUNY Press, 2001.

Wang, Fan-sen. Fu Ssu-nien: A Life in Chinese History and Politics. NY: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Wang, Hui. "The Fate of 'Mr. Science' in China: The Concept of Science and Its Application in Modern Chinese Thought." Positions 3, 1 (1995): 1-68.

-----. Wu di panghuang: Wusi ji qi huisheng (No room for wandering: May Fourth and its Echoes). Hangzhou: Zhejiang wenyi, 1994.

Wang, Jing M. When "I" Was Born: Women's Autobiography in Modern China. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.

[Abstract: In the period between the 1920s and 1940s, a genre emerged in Chinese literature that would reveal crucial contradictions in Chinese culture that still exist today. At a time of intense political conflict, Chinese women began to write autobiography, a genre that focused on personal identity and self-exploration rather than the national, collective identity that the country was championing. The author seeks to reclaim the voices of these particular writers, voices that have been misinterpreted and overlooked for decades. Tracing women writers as they move from autobiographical fiction, often self-revelatory and personal, to explicit autobiographies that focused on women’s roles in public life, Jing M. Wang reveals the factors that propelled this literary movement, the roles that liberal translators and their renditions of Western life stories played, and the way in which these women writers redefined writing and gender in the stories they told. But Wang reveals another story as well: the evolving history and identity of women in modern Chinese society. When “I” Was Born adds to a growing body of important work in Chinese history and culture, women’s studies, and autobiography in a global context. Writers discussed include Xie Bingying, Zhang Ailing, Yu Yinzi, Fei Pu, Lu Meiyen, Feng Heyi, Ye Qian, Bai Wei, Shi Wen, Fan Xiulin, Su Xuelin, and LuYin.]

Wang, Xiaoming. "A Journal and a 'Society': On the 'May Fourth' Literary Tradition." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 11, 2 (Fall 1999): 1-39.

Wang, Young-tsu. "The Intricate Mentality of May Fourth." Modern Asian Studies 10, 2 (April 1976).

Weston, Timothy. "The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913-1917." Modern China 24, 3 (1998): 255-84.

Widmer, Ellen. "The Rhetoric of Retrospection: May Fourth Literary History and the Ming-Qing Woman Writer." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 193-227.

-----. "Inflecting Gender: Zhan Kai/Siqi Zhai's "New Novels" and Courtesan Sketches." Nan Nu: Men, Women, and Gender in China 6, 1 (2004).

Witke, Roxanne. Transformation of Attitudes towards Women during the May Fourth Era of Modern China. Ph.D. diss. Berkeley: University of California, 1970.

Wong, Linda Pui-ling. "The Initial Reception of Oscar Wilde in Modern China: With Special Reference to Salome." Comparative Literature and Culture 3 (Sept. 1998): 52-73.

Wong, Wang-chi. "An Act of Violence: Translation of Western Fiction in the late Qing and early Republican Period." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 21-39.

Wusi yundong huiyilu (Memoirs of the May Fourth movement). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959.

Ye, Ziming. “Humanism and the May Fourth New Literature.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 201-11.

Yeh, Catherine Vance. "Root Literature of the 1980s as a Double Burden." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 229-56.

Yeh, Michelle. “A New Orientation to Poetry: the Transition from Traditional to Modern Chinese Poetry in the May Fourth Era.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 93-100.

Yeh, Wen-hsin. "Middle County Radicals: The May Fourth Movement in Zhejiang." The China Quarterly 140 (Dec. 1994): 903-925

Yu, Ying-shih. "Neither Renaissance nor Engligtenment: A Historian's Reflections on the May Fourth Movement." In Milena Dolezelova-Velingerova and Oldrich Kral, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001, 299-324.

Yue, Ming-bao. "Am I That Name?: Women's Writing as Cultural Translation in Early 1920's China." Comparative Criticism 22 (Fall 2000).

Zhang, Jingyuan. Psychoanalysis in China: Literary Transformations, 1919-1949. Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, 1992.

Zou, John. “Travel and Translation: An Aspect of China’s Cultural Modernity, 1862-1926.” In Yingjin Zhang, ed., China in a Polycentric World: Essays in Chinese Comparative Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998, 133-51.

Anderson, Marsten. The Limits of Realism: Chinese Fiction in the Revolutionary Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Biasco, Margherita. “The Crisis of the Family System and the Search for a New Identity of Chinese Youth.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 189-200.

Chan, Adrian. "Towards a Marxist Theory and Sociology of Literature in China, to 1933." In Gungwu Wang, ed., Society and the Writer: Essays on Literature in Modern Asia. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 1981, 155-72.

Chan, Sylvia. "Realism or Socialist Realism?: The 'Proletarian' Episode in Modern Chinese Literature." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 9 (Jan. 1983): 55-74.

Chang, Shuei-May, ed. Casting Off the Shackles of Family : Ibsen's Nora Figure in Modern Chinese Literature, 1918-1942. Peter Lang, 2002.

Chu, Samuel. "The New Life Movement, 1934-37." In John Lane, ed., Researches in the Social Sciences on China. NY: 1957, 1-17.

The Common People and the Artist in the 1930s: An Essay in the Cultural and Social Metahistory of China through Visual Sources.

[The present project proposes a new form of “intellectual journey. This would be a journey in which historical knowledge is produced and conveyed by visual materials integrated into an architecture of relational data.2 Our exploration of this approach in the fields of history and China studies has a major purpose: opening the way to comparable applications in all the social sciences. This project will take up the challenge of elaborating a new form of historical writing. The objective is not simply to combine texts and documents but to make these different elements “speak” separately, in parallel and/or together. To achieve these goals, the participants in this project will follow a parallel route on the basis of three distinct corpuses of still pictures (photographs) and moving pictures (films) centered on three groups of individuals (“common people”, “peasant-boatmen”, “actors, actresses and new women” in three different spaces at the same period (the 1920s and the 1930s)]

Daruvala, Susan. Zhou Zuoren and an alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000.

Denton, Kirk A. "Introduction." In Denton, Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893-1945. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996, 1-61.

Dirlik, Arif. "The Ideological Foundations of the New Life Movement: A Study in Counterrevolution." Journal of Asian Studies 34, 4 (Aug. 1975): 945-80.

Dooling, Amy D. Feminism and Narrative Strategies in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Women’s Writing. Ph.D. Diss. NY: Columbia University, 1998.

-----. Women's Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China. NY: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. [contains the following chapters: (1) National imaginaries : feminist fantasies at the turn of the century; (2) The new woman's women; (3) Love and/or revolution? : fictions of the feminine self in the 1930s cultural left; (4) Outwitting patriarchy : comic narrative strategies in the works of Yang Jiang, Su Qing, and Zhang Ailing; (5) A world still to win]

Farquhar, Mary. "Revolutionary Children's Literature." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 4 (July 1980): 61-84.

Ferry, Megan. Chinese Women Writers of the 1930s and Their Critical Reception. Ph.d diss. St. Louis: Washington University, 1998.

Findeisen, Raoul David. "From Literature to Love: Glory and Decline of the Love-Letter Genre." In Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth Century China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 79-112.

Fogel, Joshua A. “Japanese Literary Travelers in Prewar China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49, 2 (1989): 575-602.

Furth, Charlotte. "Cultural Politics in Modern Chinese Conservatism." In Furth, ed., The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1976, 22-53.

Furth, Charlotte, ed. The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Galik, Marian. "Goethe in China (1932)." Asian and African Studies (Bratislava) 14 (1978): 11-25.

-----. "Between the Garden of Gethsemane and Golgotha: The Last Night and Day of Jesus in Modern Chinese Literaturre (1921-1942)." Tamkang Review 31, 4-32,1 (Summer-Autumn 2001): 99-116.

Ge, Baoquan. “The Influence of Russian Classical Literature on Modern Chinese Literature Before and After the May Fourth Movement.” In Marian Galik, ed., Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China. Bratislava: Veda, 1990, 213-22.

Goldman, Merle. "Left-Wing Criticism of the Pai-Hua Movement." In Benjamin I. Schwartz, ed., Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1973, 85-94.

Gruner, Fritz. "Some Remarks on the Cultural-political Significance of the Chinese League of Left-wing Writers at the Beginning of the 1930's." In A.R. Davis, ed., Search for Identity: Modern Literature and the Creative Arts in Asia: papers presented to the 28 International Congress of Orientalists. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1975, 255-259.

Ho, Dahpon. "Night Thoughts of a Hungry Ghost Writer: Chen Bulei and the Life of Service in Republican China." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 19, 1 (Spring 2007): 1-59.

Hsia, T. A. The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement in China. Seattle: U. of Washingtion P, 1968.

-----. "Ch'u Ch'iu-po: The Making and Destruction of a Tenderhearted Communist." In Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 3-54.

-----. "Lu Hsun and the Dissolution of the League of Leftist Writers." In Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 101-63.

-----. "Enigma of the Five Martyrs." In Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 163-233.

-----. "Twenty Years after the Yenan Forum." In Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 234-60.

Hockx, Michel. "In Defense of the Censor: Literary Autonomy and State Authority in Shanghai, 1930-1936." Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 2, 1 (July 1998): 1-30.

-----. Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911-1937. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003. [MCLC Resource Center review by Edward M. Gunn]

Hsueh, Daphne."Why Nora? Ibsen's A Doll's House in China and Its Early Imitation." Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 16, 3 (1981): 1-18

Hunter, Neale. The League of Left-Wing Writers, Shanghai, 1930-1936. Ph.d. diss. Canberra: Australian National University, 1973.

-----. "Another look at the League of Left-Wing Writers." In A.R. Davis, ed., Search for identity: modern literature and the creative arts in Asia: papers presented to the 28 International Congress of Orientalists. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1975, 260-270.

Huters, Theodore. "Between Praxis and Essence: The Search for Cultural Expression in the Chinese Revolution." In Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner eds., Marxism and the Chinese Experience. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989, 316-37.

Ip, Hung-yok. Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921-1949: Leaders, Heroes and Sophoisticates. NY: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.

[Abstract: This book originally examines how prominent communist intellectuals in China during the revolutionary period (1921 to 1940) constructed and presented identities for themselves and how they narrated their place in the revolution. Table of Contents. Part 1: Introduction 1. Perspectives;l Part 2: Leaders: Self-Construction from the Functional Perspective 2. Radical Intellectuals as the Guiding Force of Change: The Beginning of the Political Odyssey 3. Manufacturing Political Leadership I: The Yaqian Intellectuals and Peng Pai 4. Manufacturing Political Leadership II: Mao Zedong Part 3: Heroes: Self-Construction from the Emotional Perspective 5. Narrating Politicized Subjectivity 6. The Nobility of Ambivalence and Devotion Part 4: Sophisticates: Self-Construction from the Aesthetic Perspective 7. Clinging to Refinement in the Revolution Part 5: Epilogue 8. Self-Construction, Politics and Culture: Some General Reflections 9. Conclusion.]

Jin, Siyan. La metamorphose des image poetiques des symbolistes franscais aux symbolistes chinois, 1915-1937. Dortmund: Projekt Verlag, 1996.

Kane, Anthony J. The League of Left Wing Writers and Chinese Literary Policy. Ph.D. diss. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1982.

Keaveney, Christopher T. “Uchiyama Kanzô’s Shanghai Bookstore and Its Impact on May Fourth Writers.” E-ASPAC 1 (2001).

Knight, Sabina. "Social Fiction: Must Context Entail Determinism?." In The Heart of Time: Moral Agency in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 104-30.

Lao, Chao-Chih. "Humor versus Huaji." The Journal of Language and Linguistics 2, 1 (2003): 25-46.

Larson, Wendy. "The End of 'Funu wenxue': Women's Literature from 1925 to 1935." Modern Chinese Literature 4, 1/2 (1988): 39-54. Also in Tani Barlow, ed., Gender Politics in Modern China. Durham: Duke University Press, 1993, 58-73.

Laughlin, Charles A. Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.

-----. "The Debate on Revolutionary Literature." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 3401-404.

Laurence, Patricia. Lily Briscoe's Chinese Eyes: Bloomsbury, Modernism and China. Columbia: U of South Carolina Press, 2003.

---."Lily Briscoe's Chinese Eyes," The Kingsman. King's College Cambridge University (Fall 2003).

Lean, Eugenia. "The Making of a Public: Emotions and Media Sensation in 1930s China." Twentieth-Century China 29, 2 (April 2004): 39-62.

Lee, Haiyan. "Governmentality and the Aesthetic State: A Chinese Fantasia." positions: eastasia cultures critique 14, no.1 (2006): 99-130 (deals with Zhang Jingsheng's Mei de rensheng guan [The Philosophy of a Beautiful Life], Meide shehui zuzhi fa [How to Organize a Beautiful Society], and, to a lesser extent, Xingshi [Sex histories]).

-----. "From Abroad, with Love: Transnational Texts, Local Critiques." Tamkang Review 36, 4 (Summer 2006): 189-225. [deals with the Chinese translations and reception of Love and Duty by S. Horose, The Education of Love by Edmondo de Amicis, and "Three Generations" by Alexandra Kollontai]

-----. Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Lee, Leo Ou-fan. "Shanghai Modern: Reflections on Urban Culture in China in the 1930s." Public Culture 11, 1 (1999).

-----. Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of a New Urban Culture in China, 1930-1945. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

-----. "The Cultural Construction of Modernity in Urban Shanghai: Some Preliminary Explorations." In Wen-hsin Yeh, ed., Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 31-61.

Liu, Jianmei. "Shanghai Variations on 'Revolution Plus Love.'" Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 14, 1 (Spring 2002): 51-92. [deals with texts by Shi Zhecun, Liu Na'ou, Mu Shiying, Zhang Ziping, and Ye Lingfeng]

-----. Revolution Plus Love: Literary History, Women's Bodies, and Thematic Repetition in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

Liu, Ping. "The Left-Wing Drama Movement and Its Relationship to Japan." Tr. Krista van Fleit. positions: east asia cultures critique 14, 2 (2006): 449-66. [Project Muse link]

Macdonald, Sean. "'Modernism' in Modern Chinese Literature: The 'Third Type of Person' as a Figure of Autonomy." Canadian Review of Comparative Literature (June-Sept. 2002).

McDougall, Bonnie. "Dominance and Disappearance in Modern Chinese Narrative, 1928-1935." In Findeison and Gassmann, eds., Autumn Floods: Essays in Honour of Marian Galik. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997.

Neder, Christina. "Censorship in Republican China." In Derek Jones, ed., Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999.

Pino, Angel. "Haipai et Jingpai: une querelle litteraire dans les annees trente." In Isabelle Rabut and Angel Pino, eds. Pekin -- Shanghai: Tradition et modernite dans la litterature chinoise des annees trente. Paris: Editions Bleu de Chine, 2000, 61-90.

Rabut, Isabelle. "Ecole de Pekin, ecole de Shanghai: un parcours critique." In Isabelle Rabut and Angel Pino, eds. Pekin -- Shanghai: Tradition et modernite dans la litterature chinoise des annees trente. Paris: Editions Bleu de Chine, 2000, 13-60.

-----. "L'esthetique du jingpai." In Isabelle Rabut and Angel Pino, eds. Pekin -- Shanghai: Tradition et modernite dans la litterature chinoise des annees trente. Paris: Editions Bleu de Chine, 2000, 93-122.

Rabut, Isabelle and Angel Pino, eds. Pekin -- Shanghai: Tradition et modernite dans la litterature chinoise des annees trente. Paris: Editions Bleu de Chine, 2000.

Riep, Steven L. "Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 418-24.

Smith, Norman. "'I Am an Ordinary Woman': Yang Xu and the Articulation of Chinese Ideals of Womanhood in Japanese Occupied Manchuria." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 8, 3 (2002): 35-54.

[Yang Xu's (1918- ) second volume of collected works, My Diary (Wo de riji; 1944), articulates the key themes that prevailed in Chinese women's literature in the Japanese colonial state of Manzhouguo. In Manzhouguo, literature was a vital domain for the negotiation of Chinese cultural identities in a Japanese colonial context. This paper seeks to reveal how Yang Xu, like other contemporary Chinese women writers in Manzhouguo, was driven by the May Fourth ideals of women's emancipation that dominated social discourse in the Republic of China during the 1920s to defy the conservative cultural aspirations of the Japanese colonial regime.]

Sohigian, Diran John . "Contagion of Laughter: The Rise of the Humor Phenomenon in Shanghai in the 1930s." positions: east asia cultures critique 15, 1 (Spring 2007): 137-63. [Project Muse link]

Tam, Kwok-kan. "Ibsenism and Ideological Constructions of the 'New Woman' in Modern Chinese Fiction." In Peng-hisang Chen and Whitney Crothers Dilley, eds., Feminism/Femininity in Chinese Literature. Amsterdam,: Rodopi, 2002, 179-86.

Tsu, Jing. Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of a Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. [Stanford UP blurb]

Wang, Jing M. When "I" Was Born: Women's Autobiography in Modern China. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.

[Abstract: In the period between the 1920s and 1940s, a genre emerged in Chinese literature that would reveal crucial contradictions in Chinese culture that still exist today. At a time of intense political conflict, Chinese women began to write autobiography, a genre that focused on personal identity and self-exploration rather than the national, collective identity that the country was championing. The author seeks to reclaim the voices of these particular writers, voices that have been misinterpreted and overlooked for decades. Tracing women writers as they move from autobiographical fiction, often self-revelatory and personal, to explicit autobiographies that focused on women’s roles in public life, Jing M. Wang reveals the factors that propelled this literary movement, the roles that liberal translators and their renditions of Western life stories played, and the way in which these women writers redefined writing and gender in the stories they told. But Wang reveals another story as well: the evolving history and identity of women in modern Chinese society. When “I” Was Born adds to a growing body of important work in Chinese history and culture, women’s studies, and autobiography in a global context. Writers discussed include Xie Bingying, Zhang Ailing, Yu Yinzi, Fei Pu, Lu Meiyen, Feng Heyi, Ye Qian, Bai Wei, Shi Wen, Fan Xiulin, Su Xuelin, and LuYin.]

Wong, Wang-chi. Politics and Literature in Shanghai: The Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers, 1930-1936. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1991.

Y.P.S. "Five Years of Chinese Magazine Literature." China Today 1, 6 (March 1935): 113-15

Zanella, William Mark. China's Quest for a Modern Culture: The 1935 Debate on Cultural Construction. Ph.d. diss. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1985.

Zhang, Jingyuan. Psychoanalysis in China: Literary Transformations, 1919-1949. Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, 1992.

Zhang, Yingjin. The City in Modern Chinese Literature and Film: Configurations of Space, Time, and Gender. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

-----. "The Texture of the Metropolis: Modernist Inscriptions of Shanghai in the 1930s." In Yingjin Zhang, ed., China in a Polycentric World: Essays in Chinese Comparative Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999, 173-88. First published in Modern Chinese Literature 9, 1 (Spring 1995): 11-30.

Zhou, Xiaoyi. "Beardsley, the Chinese Decadents and Commodity Culture in Shanghai During the 1930s." Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 32/33 (2000/2001): 117-34.

Benton, Gregor. "The Yenan Opposition." New Left Review 92 (Aug. 1975): 93-106.

Cheek, Timothy. "The Fading of Wild Lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong's Yan'an Talks in the First CCP Rectification Movement." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 11 (1984): 25-58.

Chung, Hilary and Tommy McClellan. "The 'Command Enjoyment' of Literature in China: Conferences, Controls and Excesses." In Chung, ed. In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. Critical Studies no. 6. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996, 1-23. [deals with the Yan'an Forum and the 1979 Fourth Congress of Chinese Writers and Artist and compares them to similar conferences in the Soviet Union]

Chung, Wen. "National Defense Literature and Its Representative Works." Chinese Literature 10 (Oct. 1971): 91-99.

Denton, Kirk A. "Introduction." In Denton, Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893-1945. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996, 1-61.

-----. "Literature and Politics: Mao Zedong's 'Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature.'" In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 463-69.

Dooling, Amy. Women's Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China. NY: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. [contains the following chapters: (1) National imaginaries : feminist fantasies at the turn of the century; (2) The new woman's women; (3) Love and/or revolution? : fictions of the feminine self in the 1930s cultural left; (4) Outwitting patriarchy : comic narrative strategies in the works of Yang Jiang, Su Qing, and Zhang Ailing; (5) A world still to win]

Feng, Jin. The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Lafayette, IN: Purdue UP, 2003.

Fu, Po-shek. Passivity, Resistance, and Collaboration: Intellectual Choices in Occupied Shanghai, 1937-1945. Stanford: SUP, 1993.

Galik, Marian. "Between the Garden of Gethsemane and Golgotha: The Last Night and Day of Jesus in Modern Chinese Literaturre (1921-1942)." Tamkang Review 31, 4-32,1 (Summer-Autumn 2001): 99-116.

Gunn, Edward. The Unwelcome Muse: Chinese Literature in Shanghai and Peking, 1937-1945. NY: Columbia UP, 1980.

-----. "Shanghai's 'Orphan Island' and the Development of Modern Drama." In Bonnie McDougall, ed. Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the PRC, 1949-1979. Berkeley: UCP, 1984, 36-53.

-----. "Literature and Art of the War Period." In James Hsiung et. al., eds., China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937-1945. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1993, 235-74.

Holm, David. "The Literary Rectification in Yan'an." In W. Kubin and R. Wagner, eds., Essays in Modern Chinese Literature and Literary Criticism. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1982, 272-308.

-----. "Folk Art as Propaganda: The Yangge Movement in Yan'an." In Bonnie McDougall, ed. Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the PRC, 1949-1979. Berkeley: UCP, 1984, 3-35.

-----. Art and Ideology in Revolutionary China. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. [focuses on Yan'an]

Hsia, T. A. "Twenty Years after the Yenan Forum." In Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 234-60.

Huang, Nicole. Written in the Ruins: War and Domesticity in Shanghai Literature of the 1940s. Ph.d. diss. Los Angeles: UCLA, 1998.

-----. "Fashioning Public Intellectuals: Women's Print Culture in Occupied Shanghai (1941-1945)." In Christian Henriot and Wen-hsin Yeh, eds., In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004, 325-45.

-----. Women, War, Domesticity: Shanghai Literature and Popular Culture of the 1940s. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

[Abstract: In December 1941, the fifth year in an all-scale cataclysmic Sino-Japanese war that devoured much of Eastern China, the city of Shanghai entered into an era of full occupation. This was the moment when a group of young women authors began writing and soon took over the cultural scene of the besieged metropolis.Women, War, Domesticity reconstructs cultures of reading, writing, and publishing in the city of Shanghai during the three years and eight months of Japanese occupation. It specifically depicts the formation of a new cultural arena initiated by a group of women who not only wrote, edited, and published, but also took part in defining and transforming the structure of modern knowledge, discussing it in various public forums surrounding the print media, and, consequently, promoting themselves as authoritative cultural commentators of the era.]

Hung, Chang-tai. "Female Symbols of Resistance in Chinese Wartime Spoken Drama." Modern China 15 (April 1989): 149-177.

-----. War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937-1945. Berkeley: UCP, 1994.

Huters, Ted . "Between Praxis and Essence: The Search for Cultural Expression in the Chinese Revolution." In Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner eds., Marxism and the Chinese Experience. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989, 316-37.

Ip, Hung-yok. Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921-1949: Leaders, Heroes and Sophoisticates. NY: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.

[Abstract: This book originally examines how prominent communist intellectuals in China during the revolutionary period (1921 to 1940) constructed and presented identities for themselves and how they narrated their place in the revolution. Table of Contents. Part 1: Introduction 1. Perspectives;l Part 2: Leaders: Self-Construction from the Functional Perspective 2. Radical Intellectuals as the Guiding Force of Change: The Beginning of the Political Odyssey 3. Manufacturing Political Leadership I: The Yaqian Intellectuals and Peng Pai 4. Manufacturing Political Leadership II: Mao Zedong Part 3: Heroes: Self-Construction from the Emotional Perspective 5. Narrating Politicized Subjectivity 6. The Nobility of Ambivalence and Devotion Part 4: Sophisticates: Self-Construction from the Aesthetic Perspective 7. Clinging to Refinement in the Revolution Part 5: Epilogue 8. Self-Construction, Politics and Culture: Some General Reflections 9. Conclusion.]

Judd, Ellen. "Prelude to the 'Yan'an Talks': Problems in Transforming a Literary Intelligentsia." Modern China 11, 4 (1985): 377-408.

-----. "Cultural Articulation in the Chinese Countryside, 1937-1947." Modern China 16, 3 (July 1990): 269-304.

Kondo, Tatsuya. "The Transmission of the Yenan Talks to Chungking and Hu Feng: Caught Between the Struggle for Democracy in the Great Rear Area and Maoism." Acta Asiatica 72 (1997): 81-105.

La litterature chinoise au temps de la Geurre de resistance contre le Japon. Paris: Editions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, 1982. [collection of essay on literature of the war period]

Laughlin, Charles A. Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002. [MCLC Resource Center Publication review by Susan Daruvala]

-----. "The Battlefield fo Cultural Production: Chinese Literary Mobilization during the War Years." Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 2, 1 (July 1998): 83-103.

-----. Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Liu, Jianmei. "Gender Politics: Social Space and Volatile Bodies, 1937-1945." Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 2, 1 (July 1998): 53-82.

Neder, Christina. "Censorship in Republican China." In Derek Jones, ed., Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999.

Okada, Hideki. "The Realities of Racial Harmony: The Case of the Translator Ouchi Takao." Acta Asiatica 72 (1997): 61-80.

Rubin, Kyna. "Writers' Discontent and Party Repsonse in Yan'an Before 'Wild Lily': The Manchurian Writers and Zhou Yang." Modern Chinese Literature 1, 1 (1984): 79-102.

Sakaguchi, Naoki. Shi wu nian zhanzheng qi de Zhongguo wenxue (Chinese literature during the fifteen years of the war period). Tr. Song Yijing. Banqiao: Daoxiang, 2001.

Smith, Norman. "'I Am an Ordinary Woman': Yang Xu and the Articulation of Chinese Ideals of Womanhood in Japanese Occupied Manchuria." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 8, 3 (2002): 35-54.

[Yang Xu's (1918- ) second volume of collected works, My Diary (Wo de riji; 1944), articulates the key themes that prevailed in Chinese women's literature in the Japanese colonial state of Manzhouguo. In Manzhouguo, literature was a vital domain for the negotiation of Chinese cultural identities in a Japanese colonial context. This paper seeks to reveal how Yang Xu, like other contemporary Chinese women writers in Manzhouguo, was driven by the May Fourth ideals of women's emancipation that dominated social discourse in the Republic of China during the 1920s to defy the conservative cultural aspirations of the Japanese colonial regime.]

-----. "Disrupting Narratives: Chinese Women Writers and the Japanese Cultural Agenda in Manchuria, 1936-1945." Modern China 30, 3 (2004): 295-325.

[This article assesses the lives, careers, and literary legacies of the most prominent Chinese women writers during the latter stage of the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The article reveals how they articulated dissatisfaction with the Japanese cultural agenda while working within Japanese colonial institutions. Empowered by ineffectual state policies and misogynous official neglect, the women embarked on a decade-long quest to describe and expose the reality of Chinese women's lives under Japanese occupation. May Fourth ideals of women's emancipation inspired them to forge careers as critics of Japan's cultural agenda, and they undermined Japanese efforts to sever ties between Manchuria and the rest of China. This study adds to a growing body of recent critical scholarship incorporating Chinese-language sources into received interpretations of Japan's colonial state of Manchukuo.]

-----. "Regulating Chinese Women's Sexuality During the Japanese Occupation of Manchuria: Between the Lines of Wu Ying's "Yu" (Lust) and Yang Xu's Wo de Riji (My Diary)." Journal of the History of Sexuality 13, 1 (Jan. 2004): 49-70.

-----. "The Difficulties of Despair: Dan Di and Chinese Literary Production in Manchukuo." Journal of Women's Studies 18, 1 (2006): 77-100.

-----. Resisting Manchukuo: Chinese Women Writers and the Japanese Occupation. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. [MCLC Resource Center review by Heng hsing Liu]

[This volume reveals the literary world of Japanese-occupied Manchuria (Manchukuo, 1932-45) and examines the lives, careers, and literary legacies of seven prolific Chinese women writers during the period: Dan Di, Lan Ling, Mei Niang, Wu Ying, Yang Xu, Zhu Ti, and Zuo Di. Smith shows how a complex blend of fear and freedom produced an environment in which Chinese women writers could articulate dissatisfaction with the overtly patriarchal and imperialist nature of the Japanese cultural agenda while working in close association with colonial institutions.]

Sorokin, V. F. "Chinese Literature at the End of the 1940's (On the Problem of the Development of Realism)." In Understanding Modern China: Problems and Methods. European Association of Chinese Studies, 26th Conference of Chinese Studies. Rome: Ismeo, 1979, 133-42.

Wang, Minmin. "Mao Zedong's Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art." In Ray Heisey, ed., Chinese Perspectives in Rhetoric and Communication. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing, 2000, 179-96.

Yeh, Wen-hsin, ed. Wartime Shanghai. NY: Routledge, 1998.

Zhou, Xiaoyi and Q. S. Tong. "The Problem of the Subject and Literary Modernity: Mao Zedong's Theory of Art Revisited." Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 32/33 (2000/2001): 135-56.

Birch, Cyril. "The Dragon and the Pen." Soviet Survey 14 (April/June 1958): 22-26.

-----, ed. Chinese Communist Literature. NY: Praeger, 1963.

-----. "Chinese Communist Literature: The Persistence of Traditional Forms." China Quarterly 13 (Jan/March 1963): 74-91.

-----. "The Particle of Art." China Quarterly 13 (Jan/March 1963): 3-14.

-----. "Literature Under Communism." In Roderick MacFarquhar and John King Fairbank, ed., Cambrigdge History of China. Vol. 15, The People's Republic of China, Pt.2. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986, 743-812.

Boorman, Howard. Literature and Politics in Contemporary China. Jamaica, NY: St John's UP, 1960.

-----. "The Literary World of Mao Tse-tung." China Quarterly 13 (1963): 15-38. Rpt in Cyril Birch, ed., Chinese Communist Literature. NY: Praeger, 1963, 15-38.

Borowitz, Albert. Fiction in Communist China. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, MIT, 1954.

Braester, Yomi. "The Political Campaign as Genre: Ideology and Iconography during the Seventeen Years Period." Modern Language Quarterly 69, 1 (March 2008): 119-40.

[Abstract: The essay examines films produced during the Seventeen Years period (1949-66) and suggests that political campaigns may be akin to film genres. Insofar as generic distinctions of theme and style are produced according to the shifting interests of critics and producers, campaigns have produced a politically motivated typology. The examination of campaigns as genrelike offers an opportunity to rethink the connection not only between Maoism and its cultural manifestations but also between ideology and form in general.]

Button, Peter. Aesthetic Formation and the Image of Modern China: The Philosophical Aesthetics of Cai Yi. Ph.d. diss. Ithaca: Cornell Univerity, 2000.

Chan, Shau-wing. "Literature in Communist China." Problems of Communism 7, 1 (Jan/Feb 1958): 44-51.

Chan, Sylvia. "The Image of a 'Capitalist Roader': Some Dissident Short Stories in the Hundred Flowers Period." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 2 (July 1979): 72-102.

-----. "The Blooming of the 'Hundred Flowers' and the Literature of the 'Wounded Generation.'" In Bill Brugger, ed., China Since the 'Gang of Four'. London: Croom Helm, 1980, 174-201.

Chao, Ts'ung. The Communist Program for Literature and Art in China. HK: Union Research Institute, 1955.

-----. "Literature and Art." In Communist China: 1956. HK: Union Research Institute, 1957, 149-59.

Cheek, Timothy. Propaganda and Culture in Mao's China: Deng Tuo and the Intelligentsia. NY: Oxford UP, 1997.

Chen, A.S. "The Ideal Local Party Secretary and the 'Model' Man." The China Quarterly 17 (Jan-Mar. 1964): 229-40.

Chen, Helen H. "Irony, Satire and (Un)reliability: Parodying the Genre of the Rightist Fiction." American Journal of Chinese Studies 6, 1 (April 1999): 1-20.

Chen, S. H. (Shih-hsiang). "Metaphor and the Conscious in Chinese Poetry under Communism." In Cyril Birch, ed. Chinese Communist Literature. NY: Praeger, 1963, 39-59.

-----. "Multiplicity in Uniformity: Poetry and the Great Leap Forward." In R. MacFarquhar, ed., China Under Mao: Politics Takes Command. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966, 392-406.

-----. "Language and Literature Under Communism." In Yuan-li Wu, ed., China: A Handbook. NY: Praeger, 1973, 705-36.

Chen, Sihe. "On 'Invisible Writing' in the History of Contemporary Chinese Literature 1949-1976." Tr. Hongbing Zhang. MCLC Resource Center Publication.

Chen, Xiaoming. "The Disappearance of Truth: From Realism to Modernism in China." In Chung, ed. In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. Critical Studies no. 6. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996, 158-65.

Chin, Luke Kai-hsin. The Politics of Drama Reform in China after 1949: Elite Strategies of Resocialization. Ph. D. diss. NY: New York University, 1980.

Chung, Hiliary and Tommy McClellan, "The Command Enjoyment of Literature in China: Conferences, Controls and Excesses.' In Hilary Chung ed., In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1996, 1-22.

Cohen, Jerome. "The Party and the Courts: 1940-1959." The China Quarterly 38 (April-June 1969): 120-57.

Crespi, John. "Calculated Passions: The Lyric and the Theatric in Mao-era Poetry Recitation." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 13, 2 (Fall 2001): 72-110.

Crozier, Ralph, ed. China's Cultural Legacy and Communism. NY: Praeger, 1970.

Cultural Press. The People’s New Literature: Four Reports at the First All-China Conference of Writers and Artists. Beijing: Cultural Press, 1950. [with essays by Zhou Enlai, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, and Zhou Yang].

Eber, Irene. "Social Harmony, Family and Women in Chinese Novels, 1948-58." The China Quarterly 117 (Mar., 1989): 71-96.

Farquhar, Mary. "Revolutionary Children's Literature." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 4 (July 1980): 61-84.

Fokkema, D.W. Literary Doctrine in China and Soviet Influence, 1956-60. Hague: Mouton, 1965.

Giafferri-Huang, Xiaomin. Le roman chinois depuis 1949. Paris: Press Universitaire de France, 1991.

Goldman, Merle. Literary Dissent in Communist China. NY: Antheneum, 1971.

Hegel, Robert. "Making the Past Serve the Present in Fiction and Drama: From the Yan'an Forum to the Cultural Revolution." In Bonnie McDougall, ed. Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the PRC, 1949-1979. Berkeley: UCP, 1984, 197-223.

Hendrischke, Hans J. Populare Lesestoffe: Propaganda und Agitation im Buchwesen der Volksrepublik China (Popular Reading Material: Propaganda and Agitation in Book Publishing in the People's Republic of China). Bochum: Herausgeber Chinathemen, 1988.

Hong, Zicheng. A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature. Tr. Michael M. Day. Leiden: Brill, 2007. [MCLC Resource Center review by Edward Gunn]

Hsia, Tsi-An. "Twenty Years after the Yenan Forum." In Cyril Birch, ed., Chinese Communist Literature. NY: Praeger, 1963, 226-253. Rpt. in Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968, 234-60.

-----. Heroes and Hero-Worship in Chinese Communist Fiction. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968.

Hsu, Kai-yu. "Contemporary Chinese Poetry and Its Search for an Ideal Form." In Bonnie McDougall, ed. Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the PRC, 1949-1979. Berkeley: UCP, 1984, 224-65.

Huang, Joe. Heroes and Villains in Communist China: The Contemporary Chinese Novel as a Reflection of Life. HK: Heinemann, 1973.

Hung, Chang-tai. "The Dance of Revolution: Yangge in Beijing in the Early 1950s." The China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 82-99

Ji, Fengyuan. Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao's China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

King, Richard. "The Hundred Flowers." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 476-80.

Knight, Sabina. "Moral Decision in Mao-Era Fiction." In The Heart of Time: Moral Agency in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 133-61.

Laughlin, Charles. "Incongruous Lyricism: Liu Baiyu, Yang Shuo and sanwen in Chinese Socialist Culture." In Martin Woesler, ed., The Modern Chinese Literary Essay: Defining the Chinese Self in the 20th Century. Bochum: Bochum UP, 2000, 115-29.

Li, Chi. The Use of Figurative Language in Communist China. Studies in Chinese Communist Terminology, no. 5. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 1958.

Li, Peter. "War and Modernity in Chinese Military Fiction." Society 34, 5 (July 1997): 77-89. [deals in part with Du Pengcheng's Defend Yan'an and Wu Qiang's Red Sun]

Li, Ting-sheng. The CCP's Persecutions of Intellectuals in 1949-1969. Taipei: Asian People's Anti-Communist League, 1969.

Link, Perry. The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2000.

Liu, Lydia. “A Folksong Immortal and Official Popular Culture in Twentieth-Century China.” In Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia Liu, with Ellen Widmer, eds., Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003, 553-609. [deals in part with film “Liu Sanjie” and its folk roots]

Liu, Xiaobo. "Mutual Destruction and Mutual Purges in Academic Circles." Chinese Law and Government 38, 5 (Sept-Oct. 2005): 58-77. [link is to a reprint on the Chinese Pen website]

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MacFarquhar, Roderick. The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectual. NY: Praeger, 1960.

Mu, Aili. Mao Zedong's Aesthetic Ideology and Its Function. Ph.d. diss. SUNY, Stonybrook, 1996.

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Schwartz, Benjamin. "The Intelligentsia in Communist China: A Tentative Comparison." In Richard Pipes, ed., The Russian Intelligentsia. NY: Columbia UP, 1961.

Su, Wei. "The School and the Hospital: On the Logics of Socialist Realism." In Pang-yuan Chi and David Wang, eds., Chinese Literature in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: A Critical Survey. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2000, 165-75.

Wagner, Rudolf. "The Cog and the Scout: Functional Concepts of Literature in Socialist Political Culture: The Chinese Debate in the Mid-Fifties." In W. Kubin and R. Wagner, eds., Essays in Modern Chinese Literature and Literary Criticism. Bochum, 1982.

-----. "Life as a Quote from a Foreign Book. Love, Pavel, and Rita." In H.Schmidt-Glintzer (ed.), Das andere China. Festschrift für Wolfgang Bauer
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-----. "Culture and Code. Historical Fiction in a Socialist Environment: The GDR and China." In H. Chung (ed.)(with M. Falchikov, B. S. McDougall, K. McPherson), In the Party Spirit. Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. Editions Rodopi: Amsterdam/Atlanta 1996, 129-140.

Wang, Ban. "Revolutionary Realism and Revolutonary Romanticism: The Song of Youth." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 470-75.

Wang, David Der-wei. "Reinventing National History: Communist and Anti-Communist Fiction of the Mid-Twentieth Century." In Pang-yuan Chi and David Wang, eds., Chinese Literature in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: A Critical Survey. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2000, 139-64.

Yang, Lan. "'Socialist Realism' versus 'Revolutionary Realism plus Revolutionary Romanticism.'" In Chung, ed. In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. Critical Studies no. 6. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996, 88-105.

Zhao, Zhong. The Communist Program for Literature and Art in China. Kowloon: Union Research Institute, 1955.

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-----. "The Cultural Revolution Model Theater." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 496-501.

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Bibliography on Chinese Cultural Revolution (Indiana University Library)

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Braester, Yomi. "The Purloined Lantern: Maoist Semiotics and Public Discourse in Early PRC Film and Drama." In Braester, Witness Against History: Literature, Film, and Public Discourse in Twentieth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003, 106-27.

Brown, Kevin. "Language Politics in Inner Mongolia during the Cultural Revolution." Online resource.

Cao, Zuoya. Out of the Crucible: Literary Works about the Rusticated Youth. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2003.

Chen, Xiaomei. "Operatic Revolutions: Tradition, Memory, and Women in Model Theater." In Chen, Acting the Right Part: Political Theater and Popular Drama in Contemporary China, 1966-1996. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2002, 73-158.

-----. "Family, Village, Nation/State, and the Third World: The Imagined Communities in Model Theater." In Chen, Acting the Right Part: Political Theater and Popular Drama in Contemporary China, 1966-1996. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2002, 159-194.

-----. "Remembering War and Revolution on the Maoist Stage." In Andrew Hammond, ed., Cold War Literature: Writing the Global Conflict. New York: Routledge, 2006, 131-145.

Cheng Shi, et al., eds. Wenge xiaoliao ji (A collection of Cultural Revolution jokes). Chengdu: Xinan caijing daxue, 1988.

Ch'en, Shih-hsiang. "Language and Literature Under Communism." In Yuan-li Wu, ed., China: A Handbook. NY: Praeger, 1973, 705-36.

Chen, Sihe. "On 'Invisible Writing' in the History of Contemporary Chinese Literature 1949-1976." Tr. Hongbing Zhang. MCLC Resource Center Publication.

Chen, Xiaomei. "The Marginality of the Study of Cultural Revolution: The Neglected and the Privileged in the Making of Imagined Communities." Historical Society of Twentieth Century China Annual Conference (Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, Sept/Oct. 1997).

----- Acting the Right Part: Political Theater and Popular Drama in Contemporary China, 1966-1996. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2002. [MCLC Resource Center review by Ruru Li]

-----. "The Making of a Revolutionary Stage: Chinese Model Theater and Western Influences." In Claire Sponsler and Xiaomei Chen, eds., East of West: Cross-cultural Performance and the Staging of Difference. NY: St. Martin's Press, forthcoming.

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Chin, Luke Kai-hsin. The Politics of Drama Reform in China after 1949: Elite Strategies of Resocialization. Ph. D. diss. NY: New York University, 1980.

Clark, Paul. The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2008.

[Abstract: A groundbreaking study of cultural life during a turbulent and formative decade in contemporary China, this book seeks to explode several myths about the Cultural Revolution (officially 1966–1976). Through national and local examination of the full range of cultural forms (film, operas, dance, other stage arts, music, fine arts, literature, and even architecture), Clark argues against characterizing this decade as one of chaos and destruction. Rather, he finds that innovation and creativity, promotion of participation in cultural production, and a vigorous promotion of the modern were all typical of the Cultural Revolution. Using a range of previously little-used materials, Clark forces us to fundamentally reassess our understanding of the Cultural Revolution, a period which he sees as the product of innovation in conflict with the effort by political leaders to enforce a top-down modernity. Contents: Introduction; 1. Modelling a new culture; 2. Spreading the new models; 3. Fixing culture on film; 4. Elaborating culture: dance, music, stage, and fine arts; 5. Writing wrongs: public and private fictions and resistance; 6. Conclusion: forcing modernity.]

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Emerson, Andrew G. "The Guizhou Undercurrent." Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 13, 2 (Fall 2001): 111-33.

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-----. "The Forms and Values of Contemporary Chinese Literature." New Literary History 4, 3 (Spring 1973): 591-603.

-----. "Maoist Ideology and Its Exemplification in the New Peking Opera." Current Scene 10, 8 (1972): 13-20.

Galik, Marian. "The Concept of 'Positive Hero' in Chinese Literature of the 1960s and 1970s." Asian and African Studies (Bratislava) 17 (1981): 27-53.

Guo, Jian. "Resisting Modernity in Contemporary China: The Cultural Revolution and Post-Modernism." Modern China 25, 3 (July 1999): 343-76.

Guo, Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou, eds. Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Lanham, Toronto, and Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, 2006.

Hay, Trevor. China's Proletarian Myth: The Revolutionary Narrative in Model Theatre of the Cultural Revolution. PhD thesis. Griffith University, 2000.

Hong, Zicheng. A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature. Tr. Michael M. Day. Leiden: Brill, 2007. [MCLC Resource Center review by Edward Gunn]

Honig, Emily. “Socialist Sex: The Cultural Revolution Revisited.” Modern China 29, 2 (April 2003): 143-75.

Howard, Roger. Contemporary Chinese Theater. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1978.

Hsu, Kai-yu. The Chinese Literary Scene: A Writer's Visit to the People's Republic of China. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976.

Ji, Fengyuan. Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao's China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

Judd, Ellen. "Prescriptive Dramatic Theory of the Cultural Revolution." In C. Tung, ed. Drama in the People's Republic of China. Albany: SUNY Press, 1987, 94-118.

-----. "Dramas of Passion: Heroism in the Cultural Revolution Model Operas." In William Joseph, et al. eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1991,

King, Richard. A Shattered Mirror: the Literature of the Cultural Revolution. Ph.D. thesis. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1984.

-----. "Revisionism and Transformation in the Cultural Revolution Novel." Modern Chinese Literature 7, 1 (1993): 105-130.

-----. "Writings on the Urban Youth Generation." Renditions 50 (1998): 4-9.

-----. "A Fiction Revealing Collusion: Allegory and Evasion in the Mid-1970s." Modern Chinese Literature 10, 1/2 (1998): 71-90.

Knight, Sabina. "Moral Decision in Mao-Era Fiction." In The Heart of Time: Moral Agency in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 133-61.

Kong, Shuyu. "For Reference Only: Restricted Publication and Distribution of Foreign Literature During the Cultural Revolution." Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 1, 2 (Fall 2002): 76-85. 

Kraus, Richard. "Arts Policies of the Cultural Revolution: The Rise and Fall of Culture Minister Yu Huiyong." In William Joseph, Christine Wong, and David Zweig, eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1991, 219-41.

Landsberger, Stefan. "Mao as the Kitchen God: Religious Aspects of the Mao Cult During the Cultural Revolution." China Information 11, 2/3 (Aut/Win 1996/97): 196-214.

Larson, Wendy. "Never This Wild: Sexing the Cultural Revolution." Modern China 25, 4 (1999): 423-50.

Law, Kam-yee, ed. The Chinese Cultural Revolution Reconsidered: Beyond Purge and Holocaust. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

[Table of Contents: Explanations for China's Revolution at its Peak--L.T. White & K.Y. Law * Historical Reflections on the Cultural Revolution as a Political Movement--H.Y. Lee * The Structural Sources of the Cultural Revolution--S. Wang * Between Destruction and Construction: The First Year of the Cultural Revolution--S. Wang * Cleansing the Class Ranks: The Hidden Face of the Cultural Revolution--A.G. Walder * The Logic of Repressive Collective Action: A Case Study of Violence in the Cultural Revolution--X. Gong * The Cultural Revolution in Zhejiang Revisited: The Paradox of Rebellion and Factionalism and Violence and Social Conflict amidst Economic Growth--K. Forster * The Politics of the Cultural Revolution in Historical Perspective--A. Dirlik * The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of Post-Mao Reform--M. Lupher * Legacies of the Maoist Development Strategy: Rural Industrialization in China--C.P.W. Wong * The Strange Tale of China's Tea Industry During the Cultural Revolution]

Lee, Leo Ou-fan. "Dissent Literature from the Cultural Revolution." Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 1 (1979): 59-79.

Leung, K.C. "Literature in the Service of Politics: The Chinese Literary Scene Since 1949." World Literature Today 55, 1 (1981): 18-20.

Leys, Simon. The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. Trs. Carol Appleyard and Patrick Goode. London: Allison and Bushby, 1977.

List of the Yangbanxi (Barbara Mittler).

Liu, Kang. "Hegemony and Cultural Revolution." New Literary History 28, 1 (1997): 69-86.

Liu, Xiaobo. "Mutual Destruction and Mutual Purges in Academic Circles." Chinese Law and Government 38, 5 (Sept-Oct. 2005): 58-77. [link is to a reprint on the Chinese Pen website]

Lu, Guang and Xiaoyu Xiao. "Beijing Opera during the Cultural Revolution: The Rhetoric of Ideological Conflicts." In Ray Heisey, ed., Chinese Perspectives in Rhetoric and Communication. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing, 2000, 223-48.

Lu, Tonglin. "Fantasy and Ideology in a Chinese Film: A Zizekian Reading of the Cultural Revolution." positions: east asia cultures critique 12, 2 (Fall 2004): 539-64. [mostly about Jiang Wen's In the Heat of the Sun]

Lupher, Mark. "Revolutionary Little Red Devils: The Social Psychology